Atomic Number Of S

Chemical properties of sulphur - Health effects of sulphur - Environmental effects of sulphur

Atomic Number Of Silver

The number of atoms or molecules (n) in a mass (m) of a pure material having atomic or molecular weight (M) is easily computed from the following equation using Avogadro's number (NA = 6.022×10 23 atoms or molecules per gram-mole): M mN n A (1) In some situations, the atomic number density (N), which is the concentration of atoms or molecules per. The atomic number (represented by the letter Z) of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element.An atom can be classified as a particular element based solely on its atomic number. For example, any atom with an atomic number of 8 (its nucleus contains 8 protons) is an oxygen atom, and any atom with a different number of protons would be a. Symbol: S Atomic Number: 16 Atomic Mass: 32.066 amu Melting Point: 112.8 °C (385.95 K, 235.04001 °F) Boiling Point: 444.6 °C (717.75 K, 832.28 °F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 16 Number of Neutrons: 16 Classification: Non-metal Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic Density @ 293 K: 2.07 g/cm 3 Color: yellow British Spelling: Sulphur IUPAC.

16
Atomic mass	32.06 g.mol^-1
Electronegativity according to Pauling	2.5
Density	2.07 g.cm^-3 at 20 °C
Melting point	113 °C
Boiling point	445 °C
Vanderwaals radius	0.127 nm
Ionic radius	0.184 (-2) nm ; 0.029 (+6)
Isotopes	San andreas gta for mac. 5
Electronic shell	[Ne] 3s²3p⁴
Energy of first ionisation	999.3 kJ.mol^-1
Energy of second ionisation	2252 kJ.mol^-1
Energy of tird ionisation	3357 kJ.mol^-1
Standard potential	- 0.51 V
Discovered by	The ancients

Discovery of Atomic Number: Today, it is a well-known fact that the atomic number reveals the number of protons in the nucleus. This was discovered by Henry Gwyn-Jefferies Moseley. He conducted the experiments and found certain lines in the spectrum of X-ray of each element and each time it moved the same amount by an increase in the atomic number as one.
Atomic number, the number of a chemical element in the periodic system, whereby the elements are arranged in order of increasing number of protons in the nucleus. Accordingly, the number of protons, which is always equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom, is also the atomic number.

Sulphur

Sulphur is a multivalent non-metal, abundant, tasteless and and odorless. In its native form sulphur is a yellow crystalline solid. In nature it occurs as the pure element or as sulfide and sulfate minerals. Although sulphur is infamous for its smell, frequently compare to rotten eggs, that odor is actually characteristic of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S).
The crystallography of sulphur is complex. Depending on the specific conditions, sulphur allotropes form several distinct crystal structures.

Applications

The major derivative of sulphur is sulphuric acid (H2SO4), one of the most important elements used as an industrial raw material.
Sulphur is also used in batteries, detergents, fungicides, manufacture of fertilizers, gun power, matches and fireworks. Other applications are making corrosion-resistant concrete which has great strength and is forst resistant, for solvents and in a host of other products of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

Sulphur in the environment

Life on Earth may have been possible because of sulphur. Conditions in the early seas were such that simple chemical reactions could have generate the range of amino acids that are the building blocks of life.

Sulphur occurs naturally near volcanoes. Native sulphur occurs naturally as massive deposits in Texas and Louisiana in the USA. Many sulphide minerals are known: pyrite and marcaiste are iron sulphide ; stibnite is antimony sulphide; galena is lead sulphide; cinnabar is mercury sulphide and sphalerite is zinc sulphide. Other, more important, sulphide ores are chalcopyrite, bornite, penlandite, millerite and molybdenite.
The chief source of sulphur for industry is the hydrogen sulphide of natural gas, Canada is the main producer.

Health effects of sulphur

All living things need sulphur. It is especially important for humans because it is part of the amino acid methionine, which is an absolute dietary requirement for us. The amino acid cysteine also contains sulphur. The average person takes in around 900 mg of sulphur per day, mainly in the form of protein.

Elemental sulphur is not toxic, but many simple sulphur derivates are, such as sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and hydrogen sulfide.

Sulfur can be found commonly in nature as sulphides. During several processes sulfur bonds are added to the environment that are damaging to animals, as well as humans. These damaging sulphur bonds are also shaped in nature during various reactions, mostly when substances that are not naturally present have already been added. They are unwanted because of their unpleasant smells and are often highly toxic.
Globally sulphuric substances can have the following effects on human health:
- Neurological effects and behavioural changes
- Disturbance of blood circulation
- Heart damage
- Effects on eyes and eyesight
- Reproductive failure
- Damage to immune systems
- Stomach and gastrointestinal disorder
- Damage to liver and kidney functions
- Hearing defects
- Disturbance of the hormonal metabolism
- Dermatological effects
- Suffocation and lung embolism

Effects of sulphur on the environment

Sulfur can be found in the air in many different forms. It can cause irritations of the eyes and the throat with animals, when the uptake takes place through inhalation of sulfur in the gaseous phase. Sulfur is applied in industries widely and emitted to air, due to the limited possibilities of destruction of the sulfur bonds that are applied.
The damaging effects of sulfur with animals are mostly brain damage, through malfunctioning of the hypothalamus, and damage to the nervous system.
Laboratory tests with test animals have indicated that sulfur can cause serious vascular damage in veins of the brains, the heart and the kidneys. These tests have also indicated that certain forms of sulfur can cause foetal damage and congenital effects. Mothers can even carry sulfur poisoning over to their children through mother milk.
Finally, sulfur can damage the internal enzyme systems of animals.

Sources of periodic table.

Back to the periodic table of elements.

For more information on sulphur's place in the environment, move to the sulphur cycle.

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Learning Outcomes

Define atomic and mass numbers.
Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.
Identify the charge and relative mass of subatomic particles.
Label the location of subatomic particles in the atom.
Determine the mass of an atom based on its subatomic particles.
Write A/Z and symbol-mass format for an atom.

Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of all matter and are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Because atoms are electrically neutral, the number of positively charged protons must be equal to the number of negatively charged electrons. Since neutrons do not affect the charge, the number of neutrons is not dependent on the number of protons and will vary even among atoms of the same element.

Atomic Number

The atomic number (represented by the letter Z)of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element. An atom can be classified as a particular element based solely on its atomic number. For example, any atom with an atomic number of 8 (its nucleus contains 8 protons) is an oxygen atom, and any atom with a different number of protons would be a different element. The periodic table (see figure below) displays all of the known elements and is arranged in order of increasing atomic number. In this table, an element's atomic number is indicated above the elemental symbol. Hydrogen, at the upper left of the table, has an atomic number of 1. Every hydrogen atom has one proton in its nucleus. Next on the table is helium, whose atoms have two protons in the nucleus. Lithium atoms have three protons, beryllium atoms have four, and so on.

Since atoms are neutral, the number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons. Hydrogen atoms all have one electron occupying the space outside of the nucleus. Helium, with two protons, will have two electrons. In the chemical classroom, the proton count will always be equivalent to an atom's atomic number. This value will not change unless the nucleus decays or is bombarded (nuclear physics).

Mass Number

Experimental data showed that the vast majority of the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus, which is composed of protons and neutrons. The mass number (represented by the letter A)is defined as the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. Consider the table below, which shows data from the first six elements of the periodic table.

Table (PageIndex{1}): Atoms of the First Six Elements
Name	Symbol	Atomic Number (Z)	Protons	Neutrons	Electrons	Mass Number (A) (rounded to two decimals)
hydrogen	(ce{H})	1	1	0	1	1.01
helium	(ce{He})	2	2	2	2	4.00
lithium	(ce{Li})	3	3	4	3	6.94
beryllium	(ce{Be})	4	4	5	4	9.01
boron	(ce{B})	5	5	6	5	10.18
carbon	(ce{C})	6	6	6	6	12.01

Consider the element helium. Its atomic number is 2, so it has two protons in its nucleus. Its nucleus also contains two neutrons. Since (2 + 2 = 4), we know that the mass number of the helium atom is 4. Finally, the helium atom also contains two electrons, since the number of electrons must equal the number of protons. This example may lead you to believe that atoms have the same number of protons and neutrons, but a further examination of the table above will show that this is not the case. Lithium, for example, has three protons and four neutrons, giving it a mass number of 7.

Knowing the mass number and the atomic number of an atom allows you to determine the number of neutrons present in that atom by subtraction.

[text{Number of neutrons} = text{ rounded mass number} - text{atomic number}]

Atoms of the element chromium (left( ce{Cr} right)) have an atomic number of 24 and a mass number of 52. How many neutrons are in the nucleus of a chromium atom? To determine this, you would subtract as shown:

[52 - 24 = 28 : text{neutrons in a chromium atom}]

The composition of any atom can be illustrated with a shorthand notation called A/Z format. Both the atomic number and mass are written to the left of the chemical symbol. The 'A' value is written as a superscript while the 'Z' value is written as a subscript. For an example of this notation, look to the chromium atom shown below:

[ce{^{52}_{24}Cr}]

Another way to refer to a specific atom is to write the mass number of the atom after the name, separated by a hyphen. Symbol-mass format for the above atom would be written as Cr-52. In this notation, the atomic number is not included. You will need to refer to a periodic table for proton values.

Example (PageIndex{1})

Calculate each of the three subatomic particles and give specific group or period names for each atom.

mercury
platinum
bromine

Solutions

Hg (transition metal)- has 80 electrons, 80 protons, and 121 neutrons
Pt (transition metal)- has 78 electrons, 78 protons, and 117 neutrons
Br (halogen)- has 35 electrons, 35 protons, and 45 neutrons

Example (PageIndex{2})

Write both A/Z and symbol-mass formats for the atoms in Example (PageIndex{1}).

Gta for mac. Solutions

(ce{^{201}_{80}Hg}) and Hg-201
(ce{^{195}_{78}Pt}) and Pt-195
(ce{^{80}_{35}Br}) and Br-80

Example (PageIndex{3})

Identify the elements based on the statements below.

Which element has 25 protons?
Which element has 0 neutrons?
Which element has 83 electrons?

Solutions

a. manganese

b. hydrogen

c. bismuth

Need More Practice?

Turn to section 3.E of this OER and answer questions #1-#2, #4, and #8.

Contributors and Attributions

CK-12 Foundation by Sharon Bewick, Richard Parsons, Therese Forsythe, Shonna Robinson, and Jean Dupon.
Allison Soult, Ph.D. (Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky)