F Atomic Mass



It provides atomic mass, mass excess, nuclear binding energy, nucleon separation energies, Q-values, and nucleon residual interaction parameters for atomic nuclei of the isotope F-20 (Fluorine, atomic number Z = 9, mass number A = 20). In chemistry, the formula weight is a quantity computed by multiplying the atomic weight (in atomic mass units) of each element in a chemical formula by the number of atoms of that element present in the formula, then adding all of these products together. Finding molar mass starts with.

Having a chemical formula of F−, fluoride ion is the simplest inorganic, monatomic anion of fluorine with basic properties. It is considered a trace element. Fluoride ions are found in various minerals but are only present in trace amounts in water. Molecular mass (molecular weight) is the mass of one molecule of a substance and is expressed in the unified atomic mass units (u). (1 u is equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12) Molar mass (molar weight) is the mass of one mole of a substance and is expressed in g/mol. Weights of atoms and isotopes are from NIST article.

Vitamin C Atomic Mass

Mass is a basic physical property of matter. The mass of an atom or a molecule is referred to as the atomic mass. The atomic mass is used to find the average mass of elements and molecules and to solve stoichiometry problems.

Introduction

Wallpaper for mac mountain lion. In chemistry, there are many different concepts of mass. It is often assumed that atomic mass is the mass of an atom indicated in unified atomic mass units(u). However, the book Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry published by the IUPAC clearly states:

'Neither the name of the physical quantity, nor the symbol used to denote it, should imply a particular choice of unit.'

The name 'atomic mass' is used for historical reasons, and originates from the fact that chemistry was the first science to investigate the same physical objects on macroscopic and microscopic levels. In addition, the situation is rendered more complicated by the isotopic distribution. On the macroscopic level, most mass measurements of pure substances refer to a mixture of isotopes. This means that from a physical stand point, these mixtures are not pure. For example, the macroscopic mass of oxygen (O2) does not correspond to the microscopic mass of O2. The former usually implies a certain isotopic distribution, whereas the latter usually refers to the most common isotope (16O2). Note that the former is now often referred to as the 'molecular weight' or 'atomic weight'.

Mass Concepts in Chemistry
name in chemistryphysical meaningsymbolunits
atomic massmass on microscopic scalem, maDa, u, kg, g
molecular massmass of a moleculemDa, u, kg, g
isotopic massmass of a specific isotopeDa, u, kg, g
mass of entitymass of a chemical formulam, mfDa, u, kg, g
average massaverage mass of a isotopic distribution mDa, u, kg, g
molar massaverage mass per mol M = m/nkg/mol or g/mol
atomic weightaverage mass of an elementAr = m / muunitless
molecular weightaverage mass of a moleculeMr = m / muunitless
relative atomic massratio of mass m and and the atomic mass constant muAr = m / muunitless
atomic mass constantmu = m(12C)/12mu = 1 Da = 1 uDa, u, kg, g
relative molecular massratio of mass m of a molecule and and the atomic mass constant muMr = m / muunitless
relative molar mass???
mass numbernucleon numberAnucleons, or unitless
integer massnucleon number * DamDa, u
nominal massinteger mass of molecule consisting of most abundant isotopesmDa, u
exact massmass of molecule calculated from the mass of its isotopes (in contrast of measured ba a mass spectrometer)Da, u, kg, g
accurate massmass (not normal mass)Da, u, kg, g

These concepts are further explained below.

Average Mass

Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number, but different mass numbers. A different mass size is due to the difference in the number of neutrons that an atom contains. Although mass numbers are whole numbers, the actual masses of individual atoms are never whole numbers (except for carbon-12, by definition). This explains how lithium can have an atomic mass of 6.941 Da. The atomic masses on the periodic table take these isotopes into account, weighing them based on their abundance in nature; more weight is given to the isotopes that occur most frequently in nature. Average mass of the element E is defined as:

[ m(E) = sum_{n=1} m(I_n) times p(I_n) ]

where ∑ represents a n-times summation over all isotopes (I_n) of element E, and p(I) represents the relative abundance of the isotope I.

Example 1

Find the average atomic mass of boron using the Table 1 below:

Mass and abundance of Boron isotopes

n isotope Inmass m (Da)isotopic abundance p
110B10.0130.199
211B11.0090.801

Solution

The average mass of Boron is:

[ m(B) = (10.013 Da)(0.199) + (11.009 Da)(0.801) = 1.99 Da + 8.82 Da = 10.81 Da ]

Relative Mass

Traditionally it was common practice in chemistry to avoid using any units when indicating atomic masses (e.g. masses on microscopic scale). Even today, it is common to hear a chemist say, '12C has exactly mass 12'. However, because mass is not a dimensionless quantity, it is clear that a mass indication needs a unit. Chemists have tried to rationalize the omission of a unit; the result is the concept of relative mass, which strictly speaking is not even a mass but a ratio of two masses. Rather than using a unit, these chemists claim to indicate the ratio of the mass they want to indicate and the atomic mass constant mu which is defined analogous to the unit they want to avoid. Hence the relative atomic mass of the mass m is defined as:

[A_r = dfrac{m}{m_u} ]

The quantity is now dimensionless. As this unit is confusing and against the standards of modern metrology, the use of relative mass is discouraged.

Molecular Weight, Atomic Weight, Weight vs. Mass

Until recently, the concept of mass was not clearly distinguished from the concept of weight. In colloquial language this is still the case. Many people indicate their 'weight' when they actually mean their mass. Mass is a fundamental property of objects, whereas weight is a force. Weight is the force F exerted on a mass m by a gravitational field. The exact definition of the weight is controversial. The weight of a person is different on ground than on a plane. Strictly speaking, weight even changes with location on earth.

When discussing atoms and molecules, the mass of a molecule is often referred to as the 'molecular weight'. There is no univerally-accepted definition of this term; however, mosts chemists agree that it means an average mass, and many consider it dimensionless. This would make 'molecular weight' a synonym to 'average relative mass'.

Integer Mass

Because the proton and the neutron have similar mass, and the electron has a very small mass compared to the former, most molecules have a mass that is close to an integer value when measured in daltons. Therefore it is quite common to only indicate the integer mass of molecules. Integer mass is only meaningful when using dalton (or u) units.

Accurate Mass

Many mass spectrometers can determine the mass of a molecule with accuracy exceeding that of the integer mass. This measurement is therefore called the accurate mass of the molecule. Isotopes (and hence molecules) have atomic masses that are not integer masses due to a mass defect caused by binding energy in the nucleus.

Units

The atomic mass is usually measured in the units unified atomic mass unit (u), or dalton (Da). Both units are derived from the carbon-12 isotope, as 12 u is the exact atomic mass of that isotope. So 1 u is 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 isotope:

1 u = 1 Da = m(12C)/12

The first scientists to measure atomic mass were John Dalton (between 1803 and 1805) and Jons Jacoband Berzelius (between 1808 and 1826). Early atomic mass theory was proposed by the English chemist William Prout in a series of published papers in 1815 and 1816. Known was Prout's Law, Prout suggested that the known elements had atomic weights that were whole number multiples of the atomic mass of hydrogen. Berzelius demonstrated that this is not always the case by showing that chlorine (Cl) has a mass of 35.45, which is not a whole number multiple of hydrogen's mass.

Some chemists use the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was defined differently by physicists and by chemists:

  • Physics: 1 amu = m(16O)/16
  • Chemistry: 1 amu = m(O)/16

Chemists used oxygen in the naturally occurring isotopic distribution as the reference. Because the isotopic distribution in nature can change, this definition is a moving target. Therefore, both communities agreed to the compromise of using m(12C)/12 as the new unit, naming it the 'unified atomic mass unit' (u). Hence, the amu is no longer in use; those who still use it do so with the definition of the u in mind. For this reason, the dalton (Da) is increasingly recommended as the accurate mass unit.

Neither u nor Da are SI units, but both are recognized by the SI.

Molar Mass

The molar mass is the mass of one mole of substance, whether the substance is an element or a compound. A mole of substance is equal to Avogadro's number (6.023×1023) of that substance. The molar mass has units of g/mol or kg/mol. When using the unit g/mol, the numerical value of the molar mass of a molecule is the same as its average mass in daltons:

  • Average mass of C: 12.011 Da
  • Molar mass of C: 12.011 g/mol

This allows for a smooth transition from the microscopic world, where mass is measured in daltons, to the macroscopic world, where mass is measured in kilograms.

Example 2

What is the molar mass of phenol, C6H5OH?

Atomic Mass Calculator

Average mass m = 6 × 12.011 Da + 6 × 1.008 Da + 1 × 15.999 Da = 94.113 Da

Molar mass = 94.113 g/mol = 0.094113 kg/mo

Measuring Masses in the Atomic Scale

Masses of atoms and molecules are measured by mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry is a technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio (m/q) of ions. It requires that all molecules and atoms to be measured be ionized. The ions are then separated in a mass analyzer according to their mass-to-charge ratio. The charge of the measured ion can then be determined, because it is a multiple of the elementary charge. The the ion's mass can be deduced. Video x player for mac. The average masses indicated in the periodic table are then calculated using the isotopic abundances, as explained above.

The masses of all isotopes have been measured with very high accuracy. Therefore, it is much simpler and more accurate to calculate the mass of a molecule of interest as a sum of its isotopes than measuring it with a commercial mass spectrometer.

Note that the same is not true on the nucleon scale. The mass of an isotope cannot be calculated accurately as the sum of its particles (given in the table below); this would ignore the mass defect caused by the binding energy of the nucleons, which is significant.

Table 2: Mass of three sub-atomic particles
ParticleSI (kg)Atomic (Da)Mass Number A
Proton1.6726×10-271.00731
Neutron1.6749×10-271.00871
Electron9.1094×10-310.000548580

As shown in Table 2, the mass of an electron is relatively small; it contributes less than 1/1000 to the overall mass of the atom.

Where to Find Atomic Mass

The atomic mass found on the Periodic Table (below the element's name) is the average atomic mass. For example, for Lithium:

The red arrow indicates the atomic mass of lithium. As shown in Table 2 above and mathematically explained below, the masses of a protons and neutrons are about 1u. This, however, does not explain why lithium has an atomic mass of 6.941 Da where 6 Da is expected. This is true for all elements on the periodic table. The atomic mass for lithium is actually the average atomic mass of its isotopes. This is discussed further in the next section.

One particularly useful way of writing an isotope is as follows:

Applications

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  1. Average Molecular Mass
  2. Stoichiometry

Note: One particularly important relationship is illustrated by the fact that an atomic mass unit is equal to 1.66 × 10-24 g. This is the reciprocal of Avogadro's constant, and it is no coincidence:

[dfrac{rm Atomic~Mass~(g)}{1 {rm g}} times dfrac{1 {rm mol}}{6.022 times 10^{23}} = dfrac{rm Mass~(g)}{1 {rm atom}}]

Because a mol can also be expressed as gram × atoms,

[1 u = frac{M_u (molar mass unit)}{N_A (Avogadro's Number)} = 1 frac{g}{mol N_A} ]

1u = Mu(molar mass unit)/NA(Avogadro's Number)=1g/mol/NA

NA known as Avogadro's number (Avogadro's constant) is equal to 6.023×1023 atoms.

Atomic mass is particularly important when dealing with stoichiometry.

Practice Problems

  1. What is the molecular mass of radium bicarbonate, Ra(HCO3)2?
  2. List the following, from least to greatest, in terms of their number of neutrons, and then atomic mass: 14N, 42Cl, 25Na, 10Be
  3. A new element, Zenium, has 3 isotopes, 59Ze, 61Ze, and 67Ze, with abundances of 62%, 27%, and 11% respectively. What is the atomic mass of Zenium?
  4. An isotope with a mass number of 55 has 5 more neutrons than protons. What element is it?
  5. How much mass does 3.71 moles of Fluorine have?
  6. How many grams are there in 4.3 × 1022 molecules of POCl3?
  7. How many moles are there in 23 grams of sodium carbonate?

Solutions

a) Molecular mass of Ra(HCO3)2

= 226 + 2(1.01 u + 12.01 u + (16.00 u)(3)) = 348 u or g/mol

b) Number of neutrons: 10Be, 14N, 25Na, 42Cl

Atomic Mass: 10Be, 14N, 25Na, 42Cl

Note: It is the same increasing order for both number of neutrons and atomic mass because more neutrons means more mass.

c) Atomic mass of Zenium:

(59 u)(0.62) + (61 u)(0.27) + (67 u)(0.11)

F atomic mass number

= 37 u + 16 u + 7.4 u

= 60.4 u or g/mol

d) Mn

e) (3.71 moles F2)(19 × 2 g/mol F2)

= (3.71 mol F2)(38 g/mol F2)

= 140 g F2

f) (4.3 × 1022 molecules POCI3)(1 mol/6.022 × 1023 molecules POCI3)(30.97 + 16.00 + 35.45 x 3 g/mol POCI3)

= (4.3 × 1022 molecules POCI3)(mol/6.022 × 1023 molecules POCI3)(153.32 g/mol POCI3)

= 11 g POCI3

g) (23 g Na2CO3)(1 mol/22.99 × 2 + 12.01 + 16.00 × 3 g Na2CO3)

= (23 g Na2CO3)(1 mol/105.99 g Na2CO3)

= (0.22 mol Na2CO3)

References

  1. Petrucci, Ralph, William Harwood, Geoffrey Herring, and Jeffry Madura. General Chemistry. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007
  2. Clifford C. Houk, Richard Post. Chemistry Concepts and Problems, a Self-Teaching Guide. 2nd ed. New York : Wiley, 1996.
  3. David R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 87th ed. New York: CRC Press, 2006.
  4. Loss, R.D., Report of the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances, Chemistry International, 23, 179, 2001.
  5. Mascetta, Joseph A. Chemistry The Easy Way. 3rd ed. New York: Barron's Educational Series, 1996.

Contributors and Attributions

  • Gunitika Dandona (UCD)
IsotopeAtomic mass (Da)Isotopic abundance (amount fraction)
19F18.998 403 163(6)1

F Atomic Mass Calculator

Fluorine is a monoisotopic element and its atomic weight is determined solely by its isotope 19F. The Commission last revised the standard atomic weight of fluorine in 2013 based on the latest Atomic Mass Evaluation by IUPAP.

Element C Atomic Mass

SOURCEAtomic weights of the elements: Review 2000 by John R de Laeter et al. Pure Appl. Chem. 2003 (75) 683-800
© IUPAC 2003

How To Find Atomic Mass

CIAAW

C Atomic Mass Number

Fluorine
Ar(F) = 18.998 403 163(6) since 2013
The name derives from the Latin fluere for 'flow' or 'flux' because fluorite (CaF2) was used as a fluxin metallurgy owing to its low melting point. It was discovered in hydrofluoric acid by the Swedishpharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1771, but it was not isolated until 1886 by the Frenchpharmacist and chemist Henri Moissan.